Derzeit befinden sich 782 names in diesem Verzeichnis
4.20
One-design two-seater boat with mainsail, jib and spinnaker designed by Christian Mauy. She measures 4.20x1.63
4.70
One-design two-seater boat designed by Andrea Corno, male and female olympic class since 1976. She measures 4.70x1.68 m.
Alidade
E'Upper part of instruments used to measure angular distances, such as sextant and theodolite
Alto-cumulus
A cloud characterized by globular masses usually found at an altitude between 2400 and 6000 m.
Answering pennant
Flag of the international code of signals which, if hoisted,means ‚ I've understood; if it is mid-hoisted, it means ‚I've received the message but I haven't interpreted it yet; if it is hoisted by a jury, it can have different meanings
Anticyclone
Area where atmospheric pressure is high and gradually decreasing outwards. Its motion and winds are clockwise
Antifouling
Paint containing specific elements which prevent marine vegetation from taking root on the hull
Apparent wind
The effective wind direction and speed derived from the combination of the actual wind and the motion of the sails through the air.
Archimedes' thrust
The upward buoyant force that is excerted on a body immersed in a fluid, whether fully or partially submerged, is equal to the weight of the fluid that the body displaces. A boat can float because it is lighter than the water it pushes aside.
Atmosperic pressure
The weight of air extending vertically from the observer position to the limits of the atmosphere,
Auto-inflatable
Single or collective rescue system provided with a penumatic inflation system. It can be manual or operated aautomaticlly when it touches water.
Back sail
Sail which pushes in an opposite direction to motion, used to brake or keep the boat stationary
Barogram
Diagram of the atmosperic pressure trend written by the pen of a barograph on a paper wrapped by a cylinder
Barograph
Instrument used to measure atmosperic pressure. Similar to barometer but providing an immediate measurement
Beaufort Francis
English admiral who lived in the 19th century. He invented the homonymous scale used to measure wind
Beaufort Scale
A classification of wind force into 12 categories commonly used by seamen iframe src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/WwDNWm6IEVw" frameborder="0" width="560" height="315">/iframe>
Belaying-pin rack
Wooden or steel ring on the basis of the mast, where belay pins are fixed in order to block running riggings.
Bell
In the past, it was used to mark time; today, it is used to indicate a danger singnal or position in case of low visibility.
Block coefficient
Ratio between bottom lines and a cylinder, whose diameter is equal to bottom's depth. Value 1 indicates an almost cylindrical bottom; low values indicate a thin bottom. Catamarans have the highest block coefficient
Boat
Term used for all crafts with a lenght between 10 and 24 metres, including sailing and motor boats.
Boat hook
Wooden pole fitted with a hook or knob at one end, used for fending off or picking up lines at a dock or mooring/
Boom
Wooden or aluminium pole supporting the lower part of the mainsail, fixed on the mast through a junction which allows it to change direction according to wind/p
Bow-thruster
An auxiliary motor and propeller mounted athwartships at the bow, and employed to maneuver the ship sideways.
Bowsprit
Wooden or aluminium pole supporting the lower part of the mainsail, fixed on the mast through a junction which allows it to change direction according to wind
Bulb
Swelling of the fore part of a ship to increase speed; terminal part of a centre board in a sailing boat, generally made of plumb or cast iron, used to increase stability
Bulkhead
Vertical structure which separates two zones in the cabin. Sometimes, it can be watertight in order to increase safety in case of collision
Bumpkin
Small pole used to let sheet hang out outboard by increasings their efficiency and preventing them from scarping on shrouds
Cardinal signals
They indicate that deeper waters of the zone where the signal is located are in the quadrant sharing the same name
Careen - verb -
To put a boat on a side through counterweights or ropes in order to clean, caulk, or repair the bottom .
Castria
A particular type of mooring through which a boat keeps a certain distance from the pier, even in case of surf
Catch
To stop a running rope or chain. The verb also refers to an anchor holding on the bottom. It usually refers to mooring ropes.
Caulking
To empty the space between plating axis with insulating material in order to make it watertight
Caved stay
Aluminium profile with two cavities mounted on the forestay. It allows to ride fore sails without any slides, while increasing efficiency and allowing the use of furlers
Cavitation
The effect caused when air is drawn down into the water by a propeller, resulting in loss of power, overspending of the engine and propeller, and pitting of the metal surfaces of the propeller
Celestial navigation
It allows to determine a ship position by measuring angles between the horizon and known altitude of sun, moon, planets and stars.
Chain sag
Bend of a rope or a stay when exposed to a stress; generally referred to the bend of the jib stay moved by the wind
Clew outhaul
Rope linked to the mainsail clew which passes through a gear located at the boom yard in order to regulate the sail base
Clipper
Fast sailing vessels built in the 19th century for goods transport in long ocean navigationsiframe src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/ydsnQe9Ou6s" frameborder="0" width="560" height="315">/iframe>
Close-hauled
Sailing point which allow a boat to sail the wind up, usually between 60° and 30° iframe src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/OuTrEz5eFo0" frameborder="0" width="560" height="315">/iframe>
Collar
Junction line of shrouds; ring which reinforces masts; sliding ring which allow sail to move on masts
Compass
Instrument which, tanks to Earth's magnetism, indicates a fixed point and helps to maintain a course
Courtesy flag
Flag of the hoist country that must be hoisted when sailing in the territorial waters of a foreign country.It must be hoisted below the national one
Craft
All watercraft with a length of less than 10 metres, used in marine or inner waters, including sailing, motor and row boats. The category includes smaller boats, such as rowing catamarans, paddleboats, sailing boards, jet skis and water motors../ metres
Cunningham
A specialized downhaul used in some racing sailboats to adjust the shape of the sail luff (named for its inventor.)
Cyclone
Area where atmopheric pressure is low but increasing inwards. Its motion and winds are counterclockwise.
Dead reckoning navigation
Sailing without any precise reference points. Position is determined according to course, speed and time.
Deviation card
A record of the amount of deviation of a ship compass caused by local magnetic effects
Displacement
Weight of the volume of the water pushed aside by a boat; it is equal to the boat weight.
Double halyard
Halyard with a tackle fixed on the sail end: The double circuit halves the necessary force for the hoisting
Drag - verb -
An anchor which, after failing in holding the bottom, slides on it because of the boat traction, caused, in its turn, by wind, stream or waves
dress - verb -
To adorn a boat with little flags on the line running from the bow to the stern and on the top of the mast (s). See also Full Dress
Dressing ship
To adorn a boat with little flags along the line running from bow to stern passing trough the top of the mast(s)
Equator
A great circle of the earth which is equidistant from both poles at every point; zero degrees latitude
Equipment, rig
Everything necessary to sail, its category determines the kind of boat. In case of small rowboats it indicates the crew
Expose
To set a sail in order to offer a larger surface to wind; a necessary action to remove the spinnaker from the mainsail covering when running before wind
Fetch
It indicates a zone where wind keeps the same speed and direction. It is measured in miles by starting from the coast which the wind comes from and in relation to its motion.
Fire extinguisher
System made up of and under-pressure cylinder containing liquids, gas or powders to extuinguish fire
Flag
Generally exposed on the stern, it indicates the boat's nationality. If abroad, the flag of the host country is exposed on the starboard shrouds. Other flags can be used to identify clubs or signals
Flooding
Board water inside the hull. It can be an intentional decision to increase stability or an accidental event
Flying jib
Sail above the jib, sometimes defined yankee. On ships with squaresails, it is the third stay sail on the bowsprit mast
Fog
Condensed water vapor in cloudlike masses lying close to the ground and limiting visibility (less than 1 Km, otherwise it is called haze)
Full stern
To sail with the wind crushing into the stern; to follow a course in the same direction of wind .
Futtock, timber
Curved parts of a ship hull. Elements where to place oars and to transfer push to the boat
GPS
Electronic device that determines position in real time by interacting with several orbiting satellites.
Gross tonnage
The entire capacity of a ship expressed as one gross ton for each 100 cubic feet of internal volume. It is calculated with the following formula:: length x widthx height x 0.25
Gybe
To change tacks by steering away from the wind so that the leach of the sail swings across the eye of the wind.
Hawse, hawsehole
An opening cut high in the bow at the knightheads or hawse timbers through which the anchor rode will be led.
Heading shift
Change of wind direction caused by a variation in intensity, direction or by the presence of an obstacle.
Heave to - verb -
Method which allows to stop, or almost, a boat by placing sails so that equal and opposing forces are created
Heel
A strong inclination of the hull caused by the wind or a wrong manoeuvre. The side of the hull which is sumberged by the water
Horizon
Circle beyond which it's not possible to see. Its distance depends on the height the observer is
Hurricane
Very high waves; air full of lather and spurts; completely white sea. Degree 12 of Beaufort Scale.
ICAO.
International Civil Aviation Organization, international phonetic alphabet used in maritime and air navigation in order to compose letters and numbers in all languages.
Inboard-outboard
Usually referring to specific engines, it indicates what is partially in and out of the hull
International spelling
Radiotelegraphic phonetic alphabet, often called NATO phonetic alphabet, used to articulate words
Lateral sign- A region
Red or green, used by day or night to indicate both right and left sides of a channel. In region B, colours are inverted.
Lie-to - verb -
Typical in bad weather. It can be done with or without sails; generally, the boat heads to the wind. This motion creates an area of calm sea on the windward side which stabilizes the boat.
Life jacket
Jacket made of floating material, usually styrofoam or cork. Today, the market offers many inflatable or auto-inflatabe models.
Lift
Element perpendicular to the force generated on the surface of a solid as the result of its motion in a fluid
Lighthouse
Jacket made of floating material, usually styrofoam or cork. Today, the market offers many inflatable or auto-inflatabe models.
Loran
Long Range Navigation. Navigation transmitters ashore that transmit unique signals that can be identified and located by a ship navigator to determine position.
Luff, bolt rope
The forward edge of a sail. It can include a rope to be thicker and stronger and be inserted in the mast
magnetic deviation
Difference between magnetic North and compass inclination; variation due to external elements, such as metal items near the compass; see also compass compensation
Main royal sail
Yard and relative trapezoidal sail, located at the top of the mainmast, above the topgallant sail.
Meridians
A great circle of the Earth passing through the poles and perpendicular to parallelsThe Greenwich meridian also serves as the basis for the world standard time zone system. (UMT)
Mistral.
One-design sailing board designed by E. Prade; Olympic class since 1996. it measures 3,.80x0.68 m; with a 6-square-meter-sail area
Moor - verb -, mooring
To stop the boat by fixing it to a pier or a quay through some ropes or an anchor.
Moore with two anchors ahead
Mooring which uses two anchors placed on the bottom laterally to the boat. The two anchoring lines are divided and they both leave from the bow fitting. Useful when weather is bad.
Mooring post
Heavy structure, generally made of cement, on the sea bottom provided with a ring to which a mooring chain is fixed
Morse.
Telegraphic alphabet invented by Samuel Morse: it consists of a group of lines and points which represent all letters.
Mustafà
Auxiliary rudder system. A mechanical instrument used on sailing boats to maintain a stable course in relation to wind.It is an authomatic pilot which doesn't use energy, which is important in long navigations.
Nautical mile
The length of one minute of arc of a great circle on the surface of the earth equal to 1820 metres
Navigator
A crewman trained and qualified in the practice of determining position and setting courses
Nipper, gasket
Reinforcement which shelters mooring cables. Oakum which wraps the propeller axis inside the stern tube: if wet with water, it increases its volume and makes the environment watertighe
NMEA 2000
It contains the requirements of a communication network to connect marine electronic devices on ships
One design
Series of boats with the same size and design which can compete with no compensated times.
Optimist.
Boat with centreboard, chine hull and flat bottom designed by Clark Mills in 1954 ;she measures 2.30x1.13 m
ORC.
Offshore Racing Council: l' international organisation which is in charge of IOR classes and offshore regattas.
Orthodromic course
Course along the maximum circle and the shortest one between two points. See also‚ Lloxodromic
Osmosis
The result of a catalyzation flaw of sealants in fiberglass hulls. Water enters through the gelcoat, it increases the inner volume and creates some bubbles which can delaminate the hull
Palmetta
Triangular part made up of a rigid wooden or net structure fixed between the bow and the bowsprit
Pelorus
Instrument for polar bearings, that is the anular distance between two poinst to determine a position
Pin, split pin, cotter pin
Metal bar inserted in the hole of a screw or the eyelet of a pivot, then bent forked to not escape
Polar
Arctic Circle; parallel which bounds a polar region; that one in the North is called Arctic Circle; that one in the South, on the contrary, is called Counter-Circle
Propeller
Terminal part of the propulsion system made up of a series of inclined blades which screw in water and push the boat
Pulley
Transmission element made up of a rotating disk. It is generally used to gear running riggings.
Pylon
Poles fixed on the sea bottom to indicate the navigable way in low bottoms; also used for mooring
Quarter deck
A sort of balcony at the extreme stern above the deck, used in 19th-century-sailing ships
Radar reflector
Metal polyhedral structure which amplifies the radar signal in relation to the surface of the wooden or fiberglass boat it crosses
Rating
Coefficient given to a boat according to her technical features in order to compete with other boats falling in another category by compensating journey times
Reduce
To reduce the sail surface exposed to wind by lowering the sail partially and fasting the excess part through some strop
Relative humidity
Value measured by a hygrometer; it indicates the percentage of steam existing in relation to the total amount which can be contained in the air at ambient temperature ( at 100% we have condensation)
Ride
To hook sails or insert them in the specific mast locations. To insert a rope in more blocks to form a tackle
Ride to a single anchor - verb -
Ray around which the boat can turn when it is moored with a single anchor
Roaring Forties
Strong western winds found in the Southern Hemisphere, generally between the latitudes of 40 and 50 degrees
Rudder angle, steering angle
Rudder blade angle in relation to the boat axis. Its variation changes the course
Rudder wheel, steering wheel
Wheel which, combined with tiller rods, allows to manage the rudder rotation
Sacchetto
Weight provided with a small cable, thrown to land in order to allow the passage of a bigger cable
Sacrifical anode
Metal part, usually made of zinc, fixed to the hull or some other metal parts to prevent galvanic streams from causing corrosion
Safe waters signal
It is surrounded by navigable waters bu it doesn't indicate a danger. It is used, for example, to indicate a channel
Safety notes
Inspections which verify that the boat, its safety equipments, engines, electric systems, etc.. meet the technical requirements for marine safety
Sailcloth
Raw canvas used in the past to produce sails, bags and hammocks. It is used in the deck of some vintage boats for a non-slip effect
Sailing class
Group of sailing boats sharing the same design features, recognised by the the International Sailing Federation (ISAF)
Schooner.
A sailing ship carrying two or more masts bearing fore and aft sails, with the mizzen forward of the mainmast.
Sea anchor, floating anchor
An anchor made up of a cone which, drug in the water, slows boat motion down
Sea chest, sea water intake
Valve communicating with outside from which water can be sucked or drained
Seamark
Buoy or general reference point used to identify rocks or shallows or to indicate navigable canals or bearings.
Sextant
Optical instrument which determines latitude through the measurement of the elevation of a celestial body above the horizon
Shackie
To join two parts of a rope or a chain through a shackle or a false link. It means also to link an anchor to the chain or a buoy to a rope/chain
Shackle
U-shaped iron element with a removable pin. It is used to join chain ends or to fix sails to eye bolts thorugh cringles
Shockcord tie
Elastic rope made up of a main cable and several braces, used to clew the mainsail down fast.
Signal buoy
Buoy or beacon fixed to the anchor ring through a specific rope to indicate the anchor position and recover it if stucked
Signaling flag
If in national waters it is red with a white diagonal, it signals the presence of a scuba diver. In international waters, it must show the alpha flag of the international code
Slip
Difference between the real propeller forward in water and that one it would have if screws in a solid.
Soling.
One-design craft with fixed keel designed by Jean Herman Linge; it's the biggest boat of the olympic class, with a length of 8.15x1.90 m l'its crew is made up of 3 people
Special signals
They don't help navigation but they indicate a particular area or situation, whose nature can be determined by referring to maps or other documents.
Springline
A long dockline which is run from the bow aft to the dock, or from the stern forward to the dock.
Squaresail
Trapezoidal sail fixed on the upper side of yards, excellent for running free but not good for sailing close to wind
Stanchion
A vertical metal post mounted at the edge of the deck to which a rail or cables are attached as a safety measure.
Standing part
Standing terminal part of a cable, fixed on a ring. The ring or spar which the cable is fixed on.
Star
One-design craft with bulb keel; designed by William Gardne in 1911; it measures 6.92x 1.73 m and it has a sail area of 26 square metres
Strale
One-design craft with centreboard designed by Ettore Santarelli; it is a two-seater with mainsail jib and spinnaker( 13.50 x 1.70 m)
Strong squall
Waves with crests which start to roll; thicker and thicker foam. Degree 9 in Beaufort Scale
Surf - verb -
To go over the wave generated by the forward; the hull goes out of water by increasing speed
Swinging
Method to calculate compass mistakes due to magnetic deviations. The result is reported on a table which will be used to plot the course
Tack
Rigging used on topmast ships to keep yards in position. It doesn't exist on triangular sails, it can be identified with the spinnaker arm
Tek.
The light but resistant wood of the teak, a tree of the verbena family. It is generally used in the construction of deck plan and interiors.
Territorial waters
Area of the sea immediately adjacent to the shores of a state and subject to the territorial jurisdiction of that state. It generally extends about 12 miles starting from the coastal line.
To haul up on the wind
To reduce the angular distance between the bow and the point where wind comes from
Top
Platform on the masts used to allow a bette view. In old sailing boats, it was also used for sail riggings
Trident
Craft with chine hull and centreboard conceived for sailing training; it is provided with a manisail and a jib and it can host up to 4 people.
Trim
Electric-hydraulic system used to regulate the triming mounted on some outboard motors (generally the most powerful ones).
True course
Sailing direction determined by the angle between the vessel keel and true geographic north.
Turn - verb -
The change course. In sailing boats, it is done by passing with the bow through the wind direction.
Turning area
Circle whose ray is equal to the lenght of the scope within which a moored boat can rotate pushed by wind
Uncertainty triangle
Triangle formed by the intersection of three bearings. It includes the area where the vessel is
Unloading barge
To lighten the load of a ship in order to reduce its draught; generally used to allow a ship to enter harbours where sea bottom is low
Unrig, rig down - verb -
To lower in the deck the uppest part of masts, common in ships where masts were made up of several parts
V-drive
A transmission mounted forward of the engine which reverses the direction of the shaft so that it can exit aft
Vaurien
Sailing two-seater boat with chine hull and dagger board, designed by Jean Jacques Herbulot in 1951.
Veer/ haul aft - verb -
When wind rotates and the sailing point becomes more beared up while maintaining the same course
Venturi.
Giovan Battista, physicist(1746-1822). He discovered that the constriction of a tube section where a fluid is flowing provokes an increase in flowing speed and a decrease in pressure. The Venturi effect is used on sailing boats by creating a hole between the mainsail and the genoa; when air flowing speed increases, the mainsail traction on the leeward zone increases.
VHF
Very High Frequency: Radio frequencies between 30 and 300 megahertz. Generally used to indicate on-board radios operating in that band.
Violent storm
Huge waves which might hide even big ships. The sea is completely choppy. Wind nebulizes foam. Degree 11 of Beaufort Scale.
Von Karman's vortex
Turbulences caused by wind which provoke, in their turn, strong wind and obscillations.
White sails
To sail by using only the mainsail and genoa, without gennaker, spinnaker or drifter, usually coloured.
Williamson rigging
Rigging through which a vessel is brought back to the course just done. It is generally used to rescue a man or an object
wind pilot
A mechanic instrument used to adjust the course in case of little accidental variations, only with the help of wind.It is an authomatic pilot operated by wind. It doesn't use energy, which is a very important factor in long navigations.
Windex
System to indicate wind direction, made up of an arrow which rotates when wind changes, generally located on the mast top.
Windsurf.
Common term referring to a sailing board; it indicates a flat hull provided with a centre board and a fore fin. It is steered by a standing surfer through the movement of his weight and of the sailing centre
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